磁性的本质

1.物质磁性的起源

如果磁铁是一个电磁涡旋，一个磁铁，并没有看到任何电磁涡旋，为什么会有磁性?

我们的答案是:物质的磁性源于原子中电子的运动，而电子的运动产生了电磁醚的漩涡。早在1820年，丹麦科学家奥斯特就发现了电流的磁效应。它第一次揭示了磁和电之间的联系，从而将电和磁联系起来。为了解释永磁体和磁化现象，安培提出了分子电流假说。半岛综合体育官方登录安培认为，任何物质的分子中都有一种环形电流，称为分子电流，分子电流相当于一个初等磁铁。当物质在宏观层面上不具有磁性时，这些分子电流的取向是不规则的，外界产生的磁效应相互抵消，从而使整个物体不具有磁性。在外加磁场的作用下，每个相当于基本磁体的分子电流都会趋向于向外加磁场的方向运动，使物体表现出磁性。磁现象和电现象之间有本质的联系。物质的磁性与电子的结构密切相关。Ullenbeck和Goldsmith首先提出了电子自旋的概念，即把电子看作一个带电的球。 They think that, similar to the movement of the earth around the sun, electrons run around the nucleus on the one hand, and there is a corresponding orbit. The angular momentum and the orbital magnetic moment, on the other hand, rotate around their own axis, with spin angular momentum and corresponding spin magnetic moment. The magnetic moment measured by Stern-Galach from the silver atomic ray experiment is the spin magnetic moment. (Now people think that it is not correct to regard the electron spin as the rotation of the ball around its own axis.) The rotation of the electron around the nucleus in a circular orbit and the spin motion around itself will produce a whirl of electromagnetic ether to form magnetism. Common magnetic moments are used to describe magnetism. Therefore, electrons have a magnetic moment, which consists of the orbital magnetic moment of the electron and the spin magnetic moment. In the crystal, the orbital magnetic moment of electrons is affected by the crystal lattice, its direction is changed, and a joint magnetic moment cannot be formed, and there is no magnetic effect externally. Therefore, the magnetic properties of matter are not caused by the orbital magnetic moment of electrons, but mainly by the spin magnetic moment. The approximate value of each electron spin magnetic moment is equal to one Bohr magnet. Is the unit of atomic magnetic moment, . Because the nucleus is about 2000 times heavier than electrons, and its motion speed is only a few thousandth of the electron velocity, the magnetic moment of the nucleus is only a few thousandth of the electron, which is negligible. The magnetic moment of an isolated atom is determined by the structure of the atom. If there is an unfilled electron shell in an atom, the electron spin magnetic moment is not cancelled, and the atom has a "permanent magnetic moment." For example, an iron atom has an atomic number of 26 and a total of 26 electrons. Except for one of the five orbitals, two electrons (spin antiparallel) must be filled, and the other four orbitals have only one electron, and these electrons The spin directions are parallel, whereby the total electron spin magnetic moment is 4.